n-3 PUFAs Show Promise as Adjuvants in Chemotherapy, Enhancing their Efficacy while Safeguarding Hematopoiesis and Promoting Bone Generation

Cancer ranks as the second leading cause of mortality in high-income countries, underscoring the critical need for effective therapeutic strategies. One prominent approach, chemotherapy, is widely employed for treating solid tumors. However, the significant adverse effects associated with chemotherapy, notably myeloablation and osteonecrosis, impart considerable challenges by compromising immune function and diminishing patients' quality of life. Furthermore, the emergence of chemotherapy resistance poses a formidable hurdle in achieving successful cancer treatment outcomes. In this context, the focus is on exploring alternative approaches to enhance the efficacy of cancer treatment and mitigate its adverse consequences. Among these approaches, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), two n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), have garnered substantial interest. These PUFAs exhibit the potential to influence membrane lipid composition and modulate critical gene expressions associated with cancer, such as Bcl-2, PI3K, NF-ΚB, and phosphorylated Akt, thereby potentially reducing cancer risk. Moreover, emerging evidence highlights their ability to augment chemotherapy efficacy, particularly in drug-resistant cancer cells. Importantly, both preclinical and clinical investigations have provided compelling evidence supporting the protective effects of n-3 PUFAs on healthy cells. Leveraging these findings, there has been growing attention on the exploration of n-3 PUFAs as adjuvants to chemotherapy. This strategic approach holds promise in mitigating the adverse effects linked to chemotherapy, notably myeloablation and osteonecrosis, while simultaneously enhancing its effectiveness in combating cancer. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted attributes of n-3 PUFAs, encompassing their cytotoxic properties, potential as chemopreventive agents, and their prospective role in ameliorating the adverse effects commonly associated with chemotherapy, with a particular emphasis on myeloablation and osteonecrosis. By elucidating the intricate interplay between n-3 PUFAs and cancer treatment paradigms, this review contributes to the expanding body of knowledge aimed at refining cancer therapeutic strategies and enhancing patient outcomes.