BAAE-AgNPs Improve Symptoms of Diabetes in STZ-induced Diabetic Rats

Objectives: Nanoparticles can be employed to improve the therapeutic activity of natural products. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a serious health condition that has spread like a "modern pandemic" worldwide. In the present study, we developed silver nanoparticles, Ag-NPs, with an aqueous extract from Balanites aegyptiaca to investigate their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Aqueous extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca seeds (BAAE) were used in the synthesis of BAAE-AgNPs, which were characterized using FTIR and TEM. Different doses of BAAE-AgNP (1/50 LD50; 29.4 mg/kg b.w. and 1/20 LD50: 73.5 mg/kg b.w.) were administered to STZ-induced diabetic rats to evaluate their potential antidiabetic activity. Results: FTIR spectral data indicated the presence of flavonoids and polyphenols in BAAEAgNPs. The size of the BAAE-AgNPs, determined by TEM examination, was 49.33 ± 7.59 nm, with a zeta potential of +25.37. BAAE-AgNPs were characterized by an LD50 value of 1470 mg/kg b.w. In diabetic rats, the daily oral administration of both doses of BAAE-AgNPs (29.4 and 73.5 mg/kg b.w.) for 12 weeks resulted in a significant improvement in body weight, insulin homeostasis, HbA1c, HDL-C, MDA, and pancreatic SOD, CAT, and GSH. They reduced plasma glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. This treatment also resulted in a significant decrease in pancreatic IL-6, p53, and TNF-α in diabetic rats. Furthermore, BAAE-AgNPs down-regulated pancreatic TGF-β1 and Akt gene expression in diabetic rats and resulted in a significant decrease in the regulation of hepatic GLUT-2, as well as an increase in the regulation of hepatic GK and pancreatic B-cl2 gene expression. The histopathological results obtained indicated that BAAEAgNPs improved pancreatic tissue metabolism by enhancing antioxidant enzymes, suppressing inflammatory cytokines, and scavenging free radicals. Conclusion: The findings implied that similar to the glibenclamide-treated groups, in the BAAEAgNPs treated group, the compromised antioxidant status normalized in STZ-induced diabetes. By scavenging free radicals, BAAE-Ag-NPs protected against lipid peroxidation while reducing the risk of complications from diabetes. Compared to the daily dose of 29.4 mg, the impact was more prominent at 73.5 mg.