Pharmacology and Perioperative Considerations for Diabetes Mellitus Medications

Background: Given the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in modern society, health care providers are frequently tasked with managing glucose control in the perioperative period. When determining perioperative diabetes management, the clinician must balance the need to maintain relative euglycemia at the time of surgery with preventing hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia in a fasting surgical patient. This balance requires an understanding of the pharmacology of these medications, the type of surgery, and the patient's degree of diabetic control. Objective: We discuss the various medications used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and the current recommendations regarding perioperative care. Method: A review of the current literature present on Pubmed and Medline was conducted between the years 2000-2016. The reference lists of each selected article were also reviewed for additional sources of information. Conclusion: Perioperative control of blood glucose levels is associated with less morbidity and improved surgical outcomes in patients with and without DM. Preoperatively, clinicians need to thoughtfully adjust diabetic medications on the basis of patient comorbidities, the duration of the fasting period, and the duration of surgery. Intraoperative and postoperative strategies typically use insulin to maintain blood glucose levels in the range of 80 to 180 mg/dL.