Skip to content
2000
image of Study of Brazilian Amazon Honeybees' (Melipona scutellaris and Apis mellifera) Properties in Healing Infected Skin Wounds in Wistar Rats

Abstract

Introduction

In recent decades, studies have begun to analyze the therapeutic properties of honey, specifically in wound healing. The objective of this research was to investigate the tissue repair process of cutaneous wounds infected with in Wistar rats through the application of honey.

Methods

The antibacterial analysis results were satisfactory, showing a reduction in bacteria in the Petri dishes. In the macroscopic analysis, there was a reduction in the wound area in all groups, but the groups treated with honey showed significantly better differences compared to the control group.

Result

In the evaluation of the mean intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate, there was a reduction in the infiltrate in all groups, but no significant difference was observed. In the collagen evaluation, the groups that received treatment with and honey showed a greater deposition of collagen fiber bundles, with a significant difference compared to the control group. After 14 days there was total regeneration of the epidermis in most animals, with a greater amount of collagen fiber formation.

Conclusion

Therefore, the work showed a novelty in terms of the screening of the use of a natural product for wound healing purposes giving prospects for substitution of traditional medicines by honeybee, being a sustainable alternative for human health.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cbiot/10.2174/0122115501343962241121190220
2024-12-02
2025-03-01
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Junqueira LUC Carneiro J Basic Histology 12th edition Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan 2013
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Tamori Y Deng WM Tissue-Intrinsic Tumor Hotspots: Terroir for Tumorigenesis. Trends Cancer. 2017 3 4 259 268 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.03.003
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Yin X. Li Q. McNutt P.M. Zhang Y. Urine-Derived Stem Cells for Epithelial Tissues Reconstruction and Wound Healing. Pharmaceutics 2022 14 8 1669 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081669 36015295
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Sapudom J. Karaman S. Mohamed W.K.E. Garcia-Sabaté A. Quartey B.C. Teo J.C.M. 3D in vitro M2 macrophage model to mimic modulation of tissue repair. NPJ Regen. Med. 2021 6 1 83 10.1038/s41536‑021‑00193‑5 34848722
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Li X. Xu M. Geng Z. Liu Y. Functional hydrogels for the repair and regeneration of tissue defects. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2023 11 1190171 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1190171 37260829
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Xu X. Natural protein bioinspired materials for regeneration of hard tissues. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. Royal Society of Chemistry 2020 8 2199 2215
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Iqbal N. Khan A.S. Asif A. Yar M. Haycock J.W. Rehman I.U. Recent concepts in biodegradable polymers for tissue engineering paradigms: a critical review. Int. Mater. Rev. 2019 64 2 91 126 10.1080/09506608.2018.1460943
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Ferrigno B. Bordett R. Duraisamy N. Moskow J. Arul M.R. Rudraiah S. Nukavarapu S.P. Vella A.T. Kumbar S.G. Bioactive polymeric materials and electrical stimulation strategies for musculoskeletal tissue repair and regeneration. Bioact. Mater. 2020 5 3 468 485 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.03.010 32280836
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Cheng H. Huang H. Guo Z. Chang Y. Li Z. Role of prostaglandin E2 in tissue repair and regeneration. Theranostics 2021 11 18 8836 8854 10.7150/thno.63396 34522214
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Khalil E.A. Abou-Zekry S.S. Sami D.G. Abdellatif A. Natural Products as Wound Healing Agents. Wound Healing Research: Current Trends and Future Directions. Kumar P. Kothari V. Singapore Springer Singapore 2021 77 94 10.1007/978‑981‑16‑2677‑7_3
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Schilrreff P. Alexiev U. Chronic Inflammation in Non-Healing Skin Wounds and Promising Natural Bioactive Compounds Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022 23 9 4928 10.3390/ijms23094928 35563319
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Trinh X.T. Long N.V. Van Anh L.T. Nga P.T. Giang N.N. Chien P.N. Nam S.Y. Heo C.Y. A Comprehensive Review of Natural Compounds for Wound Healing: Targeting Bioactivity Perspective. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022 23 17 9573 10.3390/ijms23179573 36076971
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Galúcio J.M.P. de Souza S.G.B. Vasconcelos A.A. Lima A.K.O. da Costa K.S. de Campos Braga H. Taube P.S. Synthesis, Characterization, Applications, and Toxicity of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2022 23 3 420 443 10.2174/1389201022666210521102307 34355680
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Yazarlu O. Iranshahi M. Kashani H.R.K. Reshadat S. Habtemariam S. Iranshahy M. Hasanpour M. Perspective on the application of medicinal plants and natural products in wound healing: A mechanistic review. Pharmacol. Res. 2021 174 105841 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105841 34419563
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Vivcharenko V. Przekora A. Modifications of wound dressings with bioactive agents to achieve improved pro-healing properties. Appl. Sci. (Basel) 2021 11 9 4114 10.3390/app11094114
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Li R. Liu K. Huang X. Li D. Ding J. Liu B. Chen X. Bioactive Materials Promote Wound Healing through Modulation of Cell Behaviors. Adv. Sci. (Weinh.) 2022 9 10 2105152 10.1002/advs.202105152 35138042
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Shukla S.K. Sharma A.K. Gupta V. Kalonia A. Shaw P. Challenges with Wound Infection Models in Drug Development. Curr. Drug Targets 2020 21 13 1301 1312 10.2174/1389450121666200302093312 32116189
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Khan K.A. Al-Ghamdi A.A. Ghramh H.A. Ansari M.J. Ali H. Alamri S.A. Al- Kahtani S.N. Adgaba N. Qasim M. Hafeez M. Structural diversity and functional variability of gut microbial communities associated with honey bees. Microb. Pathog. 2020 138 103793 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103793 31626917
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Damto T. Kebebe D. Gemeda M. Physicochemical properties and microbial qualities of honey produced by a stingless bee ( Meliponula beccarii L.) in the Oromia region, Ethiopia. Cogent Food Agric. 2023 9 1 2258784 10.1080/23311932.2023.2258784
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Yupanqui Mieles J. Vyas C. Aslan E. Humphreys G. Diver C. Bartolo P. Honey: An Advanced Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022 14 8 1663 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081663 36015289
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Zhang D. Hamauzu Y. Phenolics, ascorbic acid, carotenoids and antioxidant activity of broccoli and their changes during conventional and microwave cooking. Food Chem. 2004 88 4 503 509 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.01.065
    [Google Scholar]
  22. AOAC Official Methods of Analysis. 18th ed Gaithersburg, MD Association of Official Analytical Chemists 2006
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Ferreira I.C.F.R. Aires E. Barreira J.C.M. Estevinho L.M. Antioxidant activity of Portuguese honey samples: Different contributions of the entire honey and phenolic extract. Food Chem. 2009 114 4 1438 1443 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.028
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Sant’Ana L.D.O. Sousa J.P.L.M. Salgueiro F.B. Lorenzon M.C.A. Castro R.N. Characterization of monofloral honeys with multivariate analysis of their chemical profile and antioxidant activity. J. Food Sci. 2012 77 1 C135 C140 10.1111/j.1750‑3841.2011.02490.x 22133147
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Gomes V.V. Dourado G.S. Costa S.C. Lima A.K.O. da Silva D.S. Bandeira A.M.P. Vasconcelos A.A. Taube P.S. Evaluation of the quality of honey commercialized in Western Pará, Brazil. Revista Virtual de Química 2017 9 2 815 826 10.21577/1984‑6835.20170050
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Taube Júnior P.S. Gomes V.V. Azevedo M.M.R. Discrimination between honeys from Melipona sp. and A. mellifera sold in Itaituba-PA through physicochemical and antioxidant characterization associated with principal component analysis (PCA). Advances in Food Science and Technology Verruck S. Guarujá Editora Científica 2020 2 165 178 10.37885/201102227
    [Google Scholar]
  27. de Brito LC Junior de Lucena Ferreira P Healing in contaminated wounds treated with papain. Medicina 2015 48 2 168 74
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Silva W.F. Effect of the association of low-power and high-frequency laser therapy on the healing process in cutaneous wounds in rats. PhD dissertation. Santarém (PA): Federal University of Western of Pará 2019
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Nunes C de S. Cinsa L.A. Princípios do processamento Histológico de rotina. Revista Interdisciplinar de Estudos Experimentais 2016 8 1 31 40
    [Google Scholar]
  30. do Nascimento I.V. Rodrigues M.I.Q. Isaias P.H.C. Barros-Silva P.G. Sousa F.B. Nunes Alves A.P.N. Mota M.R.L. Chronic systemic corticosteroid therapy influences the development of pulp necrosis and experimental apical periodontitis, exacerbating the inflammatory process and bone resorption in rats. Int. Endod. J. 2022 55 6 646 659 10.1111/iej.13724 35278220
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Machado A.M. Tomás A. Russo-Almeida P. Duarte A. Antunes M. Vilas-Boas M. Graça Miguel M. Cristina Figueiredo A. Quality assessment of Portuguese monofloral honeys. Physicochemical parameters as tools in botanical source differentiation. Food Res. Int. 2022 157 111362 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111362 35761624
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Magaji B.M. Awogbemi B.J. Asagbra A.Y. Omowumi F.O. Adams F.M. Assessment of physicochemical, microbiological, mineral, and heavy metal parameters of honey. MSABP 2021 4 1 13 18
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Abdi G.G. Tola Y.B. Kuyu C.G. Assessment of Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Honey in Southwest Ethiopia: Detection of Adulteration through Analytical Simulation. J. Food Prot. 2024 87 1 100194 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100194 37977504
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Shamsudin S. Selamat J. Sanny M. A R S.B. Jambari N.N. Khatib A. Comparative characterization of physicochemical and antioxidant properties of processed Heterotrigonaitama honey from different origins and classification by chemometrics analysis. Molecules 2019 24 21 3898 10.3390/molecules24213898 31671885
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Majewska E. Drużyńska B. Wołosiak R. Determination of the botanical origin of honeybee honeys based on the analysis of their selected physicochemical parameters coupled with chemometric assays. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2019 28 5 1307 1314 10.1007/s10068‑019‑00598‑5 31695929
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Bodor Z. Kovacs Z. Benedek C. Hitka G. Behling H. Origin identification of Hungarian honey using melissopalynology, physicochemical analysis, and near-infrared spectroscopy. Molecules 2021 26 23 7274 10.3390/molecules26237274 34885865
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Yuliana N. Nurainy F. Sari G.W. Sumardi Widiastuti E.L. Total microbe, physicochemical property, and antioxidative activity during fermentation of cocoa honey into kombucha functional drink. Applied Food Research 2023 3 1 100297 10.1016/j.afres.2023.100297
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Raweh H.S.A. Ahmed A.Y.B.H. Iqbal J. Alqarni A.S. Monitoring and evaluation of free acidity levels in Talh honey originated from Talh tree Acacia gerrardii Benth. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 2022 34 1 101678 10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101678
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Kivrak Ş. Kivrak İ. Karababa E. Characterization of Turkish honeys regarding of physicochemical properties, and their adulteration analysis. Food Sci. Technol. (Campinas) 2016 37 1 80 89 10.1590/1678‑457x.07916
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Raweh H.S.A. Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed A.Y. Iqbal J. Alqarni A.S. Impact of Different Storage Regimes on the Levels of Physicochemical Characteristics, Especially Free Acidity in Talh (Acacia gerrardii Benth.) Honey. Molecules 2022 27 18 5959 10.3390/molecules27185959 36144694
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Vîjan L.E. Mazilu I.C. Enache C. Enache S. Topală C.M. Botanical Origin Influence on Some Honey Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Properties. Foods 2023 12 11 2134 10.3390/foods12112134 37297382
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Faustino C. Pinheiro L. Analytical rheology of honey: A state-of-the-art review. Foods 2021 10 8 1709 10.3390/foods10081709 34441487
    [Google Scholar]
  43. van Boekel M.A.J.S. Moisture content and water activity relations in honey: A Bayesian multilevel meta-analysis. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2023 123 105595 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105595
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Mohamad Ghazali N.S. Yusof Y.A. Mohd Ghazali H. Chin N.L. Othman S.H. Manaf Y.N. Chang L.S. Mohd Baroyi S.A.H. Effect of surface area of clay pots on physicochemical and microbiological properties of stingless bee (Geniotrigona thoracica) honey. Food Biosci. 2021 40 100839 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100839
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Gośliński M. Nowak D. Szwengiel A. Multidimensional comparative analysis of bioactive phenolic compounds of honeys of various origin. Antioxidants 2021 10 4 530 10.3390/antiox10040530 33805391
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Šarić G. Marković K. Major N. Krpan M. Uršulin-Trstenjak N. Hruškar M. Changes of antioxidant activity and phenolic content in acacia and multifloral honey during storage. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 2012 50 4 434 441
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Huang Y. Mu L. Zhao X. Han Y. Guo B. Bacterial Growth-Induced Tobramycin Smart Release Self-Healing Hydrogel for Pseudomonas aeruginosa -Infected Burn Wound Healing. ACS Nano 2022 16 8 13022 13036 10.1021/acsnano.2c05557 35921085
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Ekom S.E. Tamokou J.D.D. Kuete V. Antibacterial and Therapeutic Potentials of the Capsicum annuum Extract against Infected Wound in a Rat Model with Its Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action. BioMed Res. Int. 2021 2021 1 17 10.1155/2021/4303902 34646883
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Wali N. Shabbir A. Wajid N. Abbas N. Naqvi S.Z.H. Synergistic efficacy of colistin and silver nanoparticles impregnated human amniotic membrane in a burn wound infected rat model. Sci. Rep. 2022 12 1 6414 10.1038/s41598‑022‑10314‑9 35440743
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Agbagwa O.E. Ekeke C. Israel P.C. Antibacterial Efficacy and Healing Potential of Honey from Different Zones in Nigeria on Diabetic-Induced Wound Infection in Wistar Rats. Int. J. Microbiol. 2022 2022 1 12 10.1155/2022/5308435 36312784
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Abou Zekry S.S. Abdellatif A. Azzazy H.M.E. Fabrication of pomegranate/honey nanofibers for use as antibacterial wound dressings. Wound Medicine 2020 28 100181 10.1016/j.wndm.2020.100181
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Li M. Xiao H. Su Y. Cheng D. Jia Y. Li Y. Yin Q. Gao J. Tang Y. Bai Q. Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Honey and Lactobacillus plantarum on Pathogenic Bacteria and Their Promotion of Healing in Infected Wounds. Pathogens 2023 12 3 501 10.3390/pathogens12030501 36986423
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Nezhad-Mokhtari P. Javanbakht S. Asadi N. Ghorbani M. Milani M. Hanifehpour Y. Gholizadeh P. Akbarzadeh A. Recent advances in honey-based hydrogels for wound healing applications: Towards natural therapeutics. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2021 66 102789 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102789
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Zhang Q. Zhang M. Wang T. Chen X. Li Q. Zhao X. Preparation of aloe polysaccharide/honey/PVA composite hydrogel: Antibacterial activity and promoting wound healing. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2022 211 249 258 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.072 35568151
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Nair H.K.R. Tatavilis N. Pospíšilová I. Kučerová J. Cremers N.A.J. Medical-grade honey kills antibiotic-resistant bacteria and prevents amputation in diabetics with infected ulcers: A prospective case series. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020 9 9 529 10.3390/antibiotics9090529 32825100
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Esa N.E.F. Ansari M.N.M. Razak S.I.A. Ismail N.I. Jusoh N. Zawawi N.A. Jamaludin M.I. Sagadevan S. Nayan N.H.M. A Review on Recent Progress of Stingless Bee Honey and Its Hydrogel-Based Compound for Wound Care Management. Molecules 2022 27 10 3080 10.3390/molecules27103080 35630557
    [Google Scholar]
  57. de Sousa-Fontoura D.M.N. Olinda R.G. Viana G.A. Kizzy K.M. Batista J.S. Serrano R.M.O.T. Wound healing activity and chemical composition of geopropolis from Meliponasubnitida. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2020 30 3 367 373 10.1007/s43450‑020‑00030‑8
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Afonso A.M. Gonçalves J. Luís Â. Gallardo E. Duarte A.P. Evaluation of the in vitro wound-healing activity and phytochemical characterization of propolis and honey. Appl. Sci. (Basel) 2020 10 5 1845 10.3390/app10051845
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Hossain M.L. Lim L.Y. Hammer K. Hettiarachchi D. Locher C. Honey-based medicinal formulations: A critical review. Appl. Sci. (Basel) 2021 11 11 5159 10.3390/app11115159
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Lin Y. Zhang M. Wang L. Lin T. Wang G. Peng J. Su S. The in vitro and in vivo wound-healing effects of royal jelly derived from Apis mellifera L. during blossom seasons of Castanea mollissima Bl. and Brassica napus L. in South China exhibited distinct patterns. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 2020 20 1 357 10.1186/s12906‑020‑03138‑5 33225942
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Alves D.F.S. Cabral F das C, Cabral PP de AC, de Oliveira RM, do Rego ACM, Medeiros AC. Effects of topical application of the honey of Melipona subnitida in infected wounds of rats. Rev. Col. Bras. Cir. 2008 35 3 188 193 10.1590/S0100‑69912008000300010
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Rahal S.C. Bracarense A.P.F.R.L. Tanaka C.Y. Grillo T.P. Leite C.A.L. Utilização de própolis ou mel no tratamento de feridas limpas induzidas em ratos. Arch. Vet. Sci. 2003 8 1 61 67 10.5380/avs.v8i1.4018
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Verhaegen P.D. Schouten H.J. Tigchelaar-Gutter W. van Marle J. van Noorden C.J. Middelkoop E. van Zuijlen P.P. Adaptation of the dermal collagen structure of human skin and scar tissue in response to stretch: An experimental study. Wound Repair Regen. 2012 20 5 658 666 10.1111/j.1524‑475X.2012.00827.x 22882499
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Graham D.M. Small Animal Dermatology. Small Animal Dermatology: A Color Atlas and Therapeutic Guide. 4th ed Hnilica K.A. Patterson A.P. New Zealand Elsevier 2014 1 652
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Oliveira A.F. Batista J.S. Paiva E.S. Silva A.E. Farias Y.J.M.D. Damasceno C.A.R. Brito P.D. Queiroz S.A.C. Rodrigues C.M.F. Freitas C.I.A. Avaliação da atividade cicatrizante do jucá (Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul. var. ferrea) em lesões cutâneas de caprinos. Rev. Bras. Plantas Med. 2010 12 3 302 310 10.1590/S1516‑05722010000300007
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Barros E.M.L. Lira S.R de S. Lemos S.I.A. Barros TL e, Rizo MDS. Estudo do creme de buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) no processo de cicatrização. ConScientiae Saúde 2015 13 4 603 610
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Bobbo Moreski D. Giacomini Bueno F. Vieira de Souza Leite-Mello E. Healing action of medicinal plants: A review study. UNIPAR Health Science Arch. 2018 22 1 63 69 10.25110/arqsaude.v22i1.2018.6300
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Klinge U. Farman N. Fiebeler A. Evaluation of the collaborative network of highly correlating skin proteins and its change following treatment with glucocorticoids. Theor. Biol. Med. Model. 2010 7 1 16 10.1186/1742‑4682‑7‑16 20509951
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Naeimi A. Payandeh M. Ghara A.R. Ghadi F.E. in vivo evaluation of the wound healing properties of bio-nanofiber chitosan/ polyvinyl alcohol incorporating honey and Nepeta dschuparensis. Carbohydr. Polym. 2020 240 116315 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116315 32475579
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Pleeging C.C.F. Wagener F.A.D.T.G. de Rooster H. Cremers N.A.J. Revolutionizing non-conventional wound healing using honey by simultaneously targeting multiple molecular mechanisms. Drug Resist. Updat. 2022 62 100834 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100834 35427872
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Febriyenti F. Lucida H. Almahdy A. Alfikriyah I. Hanif M. Wound-healing effect of honey gel and film. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 2019 11 2 176 180 10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_184_18 31148895
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Malkoç M. Yaman S.Ö. Imamoğlu Y. İnce İ. Kural B.V. Mungan S. Livaoglu M. Yıldız O. Kolaylı S. Orem A. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and wound-healing effects of mad honey in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Apic. Res. 2020 59 4 426 436 10.1080/00218839.2019.1689036
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Al-Musawi S. Albukhaty S. Al-Karagoly H. Sulaiman G.M. Alwahibi M.S. Dewir Y.H. Soliman D.A. Rizwana H. Antibacterial activity of honey/chitosan nanofibers loaded with capsaicin and gold nanoparticles for wound dressing. Molecules 2020 25 20 4770 10.3390/molecules25204770 33080798
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Iacopetti I. Perazzi A. Martinello T. Gemignani F. Patruno M. Hyaluronic acid, Manuka honey and Acemannan gel: Wound-specific applications for skin lesions. Res. Vet. Sci. 2020 129 82 89 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.01.009 31954318
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Mekkaoui M. Assaggaf H. Qasem A. El-Shemi A. Abdallah E.M. Bouidida E.H. Naceiri Mrabti H. Cherrah Y. Alaoui K. Ethnopharmacological survey and comparative study of the healing activity of moroccan thyme honey and its mixture with selected essential oils on two types of wounds on Albino rabbits. Foods 2021 11 1 28 10.3390/foods11010028 35010154
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cbiot/10.2174/0122115501343962241121190220
Loading
/content/journals/cbiot/10.2174/0122115501343962241121190220
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:
    Research Article
Keywords: Melipona scutellaris ; Staphylococcus aureus ; antibacterial activity ; Honey ; Apis mellifera
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test