Engineered Iron-Oxide Based Nanomaterials for Magnetic Hyperthermia

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Ferrite nanomaterials are extensively studied for their use in the biomedical field primarily because of their tunable magnetic properties and biocompatibility. The use of magnetic nanomaterials, particularly the iron-based nanoparticles, for hyperthermia treatment is one of the emerging applications. However, there are practical constraints on the overall applicability of pure iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) for hyperthermia treatment. In this regard, doping foreign metal ions in the crystal lattice of pure iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) possessing a spinel or inversespinel structure remains to be the simplest approach for the purpose of improving the desired properties. Doping other metal ions into the iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) causes strain in the crystal lattice and is responsible for engineering the structural properties and magnetic properties. Various elements, such as the rare-earth (RE) metals, especially the lanthanides [Yttrium, Gadolinium and Europium], the transition metals [manganese, cobalt, nickel and zinc], and other metals [gold, silver, calcium, titanium, copper and magnesium] are being investigated for their potential to serve as dopants. The divalent transition metals [manganese, cobalt and nickel] doped ironoxide nanoparticles possess highly improved magnetic properties. Incorporating trivalent ions of lanthanides improves the structural properties, magnetic properties, and dielectric properties of the iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Moreover, doping with zinc, gold and silver imparts the ion-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) with antibacterial properties while concurrently tuning their structural properties and magnetic outputs.