Exploring the Applications of Complex Adaptive Systems in the Real World: A Review

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Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) are gradually becoming the primary modelling framework in the industry where autonomously evolving and self-adaptive systems exist. There has been a quick escalation in the research results in the past few years as the concept of CAS is emerging in the working sectors due to its capabilities and vital properties to shape an organizational workflow. CAS exhibits selforganization, adaptability, modularity, and others beyond complex systems. Designing CAS models is a tedious task as the intra-system components are composed of subcomponents that interact with running operations across the system. Researchers in engineering, healthcare, defense and military automation are extensively progressing in adapting the CAS framework and conceptualizing the systems for increasing performance efficiency. This paper primarily argues for the relevance and value of the CAS approach and then presents a detailed discussion on the core concepts of CAS and Agent-based modelling, highlighting the difference between them. Furthermore, the paper provides a detailed review of the applications of CAS, such as Manufacturing (Assembly systems), Defense and Analysis, Internet of Things (IoT), Distributed Networks, Healthcare organizations and a few social-ecological systems (SES). Many pieces of software agent-based modelling, tools for CAS development and data visualizations are surveyed and discussed in the second half of the paper.